Sociological Theories Of The Social Institution Sociology Essay

Sociological Theories Of The Social Institution Sociology Essay Basically, the sociological theories are considered as an important one for understanding the operation of the society. The sociological theories helps one to understand how the people in society are related to each other. These theories will help to understand many issues of social in the society and makes it easy for developing solutions for the problems. The sociological theories helps us to understand about the family. There are various theories that are used for explaining how the operation of the society is done and how the interaction takes place between the people. Some of the examples for theories are functionalism theories, sociological theories, and conflict theory. The other important theory is an internationalism theory. The above theories helps to examine different institutions of the society and how they are operated. The social institutions include health care, families, and education. The above theories will impact families in different ways since they are different. The sociological theories will affect the interaction of family members. and functioning of the family. Family as the Social Institution I had chosen Family as the Social Institution. The sociological theories like functionalism, Conflict and interactionism are applied to the Social institution like family is briefed below. The first theory is the functionalism theory. It is also known as the structural functionalism theory or functionalist perspective. It is considered as the main theoretical perspective of the sociology. The theory of Functionalism in the Social institution family starts by observation that the behaviour of society is structured and the relationships between members were organised by rules and are therefore it is recurrent and patterned. Functionalists will examine the relationships between the various parts of the structure and their relationships of the society. The Functionalist theory impacts that the society will be in the state of balancing and keeping the way through the parts of societys component function. This theory has been used in biological and ecological concepts too. Society will be studied by us in the same way as our studying of human body by analyzing which specific systems are not working or working, problems were diagonised, and to restoring balance after devising solutions. Socialization, health care, religion, friendship, justice, recovery of economic, injustice, growth of population or decline, romantic relationships, community, marriage, peace, and divorce, and abnormal and normal family experiences were the few evidences of the processes of functionalism in our society The next sociological theory is conflict theory which will be useful in the poverty and wealth, understanding of war, the have-nots and the haves, political strife, revolutions, divorce, exploitation, discrimination, ghettos, and prejudice, rape, domestic violence, slavery, child abuse, and so on. The conflict theory examines that the society is in the state of competition and perpetual conflict for the limited resources. The final sociological theory on family is interactionism. The interactionism is also known as symbolic interactionism. The theory of interactionism is based on the building the social behaviour of the individuals that the society will come out and the society will be ultimately created, changed, and maintained by the social interaction of the members of the family. The Symbolic Interactionism is considered as very powerful for helping people to understand well each other. Roommates, newlyweds, lifelong friends, teammates, young adult children and their parents can be able to use the principles, can walk a mile by wearing the shoes of others, seeing the world by wearing others glasses, or simply getting it. The major realizations that came with Symbolic Interactionism is that we were beginning to understand the people in our life and know that they are neither wrong nor right, at their different point of view. The conflict theories will focus mainly on social inequality and conflict. It also includes feminism. The Feminism focused on inequality of gender as which is the one form of inequality for social. The similarities of the above mentioned three theories are they explains about the how the interactions are done with the members of the family and how the society is functioning. The differences between the three theories are explained below. The functionalism theory is differs from the theory of conflict and theory of interactionism because the functionalism theory does not stress on conflict and power. The functionalism theory will only stresses on public consensus and shared values. There is a difference between the conflict theory and the functionalism. The functionalism theory examines that the family as a single unit but it does not take place in the conflict theory. Theories Affecting Approach To Sociological Changes To The Family The functionalism theory of the family are closely associated with Parsons and focuses on the social institution family and its relationship in the society. Parsons were arguing that the family will fulfil number of functions in the society but the two keys identified here are given below. The first one was the children socialisation of the appropriate values and norms for the society. When we focus on the North American culture, the Parsons theorised that the familys role were for ensuring the motivation and independence for achieving which was instilled in personalities of children. The second one is the function of the family which stabilises for the personality of adult through their marriage and serves as the antidote for the emotional strains and stresses of everyday life. The theory Parsons includes the gender differentiation roles in the family where each partner will be filling one of two some of opposing but the complementary functions. The characterisation of men were for fulfilling an instrumental role, but the womens have high nature of expressive so they provide the complement. Parsons was arguing that the expressive role is for women and in the end the primarily bond of expressive occurs between the mother and the children. The functionalism theories of the family are highly critical because they are providing little consideration of alternative family pathologies or family forms other than that it argues variations either inherently dysfunctional or fulfilling latent functions in broader of the society. Moreover, the functionalist theories will justifies the sexual division of labour, and ignores inherent of gender inequalities in structure of Parsons complementary roles. The sociological theory of interactionism had been associated with the theories of Mead, Goffman and Becker, and focused on phenomena of the small-scale that may constitute interactions of everyday in an attempt for understanding how individuals will understand and experience their world of social, and how the different people may come for sharing a common definition for reality. The conflict theory examines the social institution like family in different ways. The conflict theory has ensured the relationships of the family institution. Like the other social institutions of the society, the family institution does not have a stable as the members are having conflicts that are constant. When the members of a family takes regular conflicts that results about resources that are limited, power and interests may differ. Conflict theory will be applied to families for showing that families were not harmonious. The families will never be stable since they are struggling for dealing with the differences that take place among family members, conflict and change. Each sociological theories will affect the approach of social change on the selected institution like family. The social change regarding the family will be approached by the functionalism theory in which the education and technological advancement will be aided in understanding and promoting knowledge regarding the duties and roles should be applicable to each member of the social institution, family. The social change will results at the changes on roles and duties of various members of the family. Here, although a father remain as a family head, societal inequalities will lead to the changes of the familys social status. Sociological Theories Affect The Views Of Individuals Of The Family The Sociological theories affect the views of individuals who is the part of the social institution like Family. The social institution like family is viewed as the positive institution which is comprised of husband and a wife, the kids and the wife. It affects the family members having the tendency to form the deep social and psychological ties that acts as a support tool for them. It also affects the family when they are trying to get the benefit for the entire family. Each sociological theory affects the individual who is the part of the family. In conflict theory, the changes are inevitable and normal in every institution including the family institution. They are common in other relationships and family relationships of the society. So, family members must manage conflicts well for bringing change in the family institution. When managing the conflicts result in failure that will result the separation on the family. This situation occurs when the relationship become poor between the family members. Conflicts are considered as evidence in different areas of the social institution, family including marriage. The married couples are mostly not be able to control their conflicts and this causes hostility and anger and finally ending with divorce. The main goal of conflict theory helps for identifying the conflicts of the family and resolving those families making strengthen and stable in the family institution. In conflict theory, the family members were subordinated for the society. The conflict theory is very useful in understanding wealth, ghettos, war, poverty, rape, political strife, divorce, the have-nots and the haves, revolutions, exploitation, child abuse, prejudice and discrimination, domestic violence, slavery, and other social phenomena related to conflict.  Ã‚  The conflict Theory impacts that the society is in the state of competition and perpetual conflict for limited resources The theory of interactionism has the contact with the family institution because the interactionism theory is used for studying the interaction between the different members on the society. Based on the theory of interactionism, a family is nothing but a unit which is made up of personalities interaction. Communication, personalities, and roles play an important role in the social institution family. Communication acts as an important role with the interaction between different members of the family. The way the members of the family communicate it determines their interaction between them because members in the family will be tending to act based on the meaning attached to the words used for communication. The functionalism theory is based on the each part society that affects the society. In the side of family, the family may depends on the government for providing programs and school that helps to raise their children. The other example is how the families may rely on the schools for educating the children so that they can support and grow up their own families. In effect, the children had become as law abiding citizens and participated in the society. If the whole society provides the necessary tools for a child for surviving and educate those children, this will affect the whole society. Functionalism theory may rely on building the order of a society. If a society is not having any order, then it must something for regaining the order. For side of children, a child should seek for counseling when they are experiencing the deviant behaviour. Guidance and counseling are the way for the society which will try to regain the order. Thus, the every part of the society gets affected as a whole. Views Of Society Normally,  the American family is composed of two parents like mother and father, and they have a single or many children. With the family institution, the three theories of sociology like functionalism, conflict, and interactionism were experienced. Here it is explained how each theory will be applied to the institution family. These theories explains that a family is composed of husband, wife, and their five children. In functionalism theory, the children may require to offer the financial and emotional support for the family. For example, when in the case of parents were unemployed. In interactionism theory, the advancement of technological has been provided and an effective tool is determined for the awareness and knowledge concerning various social interactions. The conflict theory of the social institution like family affects the views of the members in the family for contexting the following conflicts disagreements as the two parties of conflicts may view each other in different way. These are about the theories affecting the views of society.    All the seven members of the family has individual responsibilities and roles to abide and for keeping family members lives in balance. The father of a family contributes financially for the bills and maintaining the disciplines of the children. The wife of a family contributes necessities of the financial for cleaning and cooking. The five children belong to the family institution were responsible for getting the assignments from school and should be done. They should also keep their own personal areas of the house in order and clean. Functionalism can be experienced in our home when all the family members plays their own part and taking good attitudes. If the functionalism is really experienced, there will be unity and peace in the home. Conclusion It was concluded that although the sociological theories were different, they had been helped in examining various effectiveness of behaviours of the society and that have been impacted the social institution family greatly. These theories had helped them to examine how the functioning of society is done and how they interacts with family members. More than this, the sociological theories had influenced social institutions of the society like families. The theory of conflict has been used for explaining the sources of the conflict about the society and how to deal and avoid them. The functionalism theory helped to understand how different parts in the family function and society are together brought to change and stability. The interactions theory explained about the social interactions of the society. The family mainly helps in socialization and reproduction on the society. Families are teaching their young children how they should behave based on their social norms and cultural beliefs. More than this, a family helps for controlling of sexual behaviours on the society and provision of status on social. The family has to function well and to avoiding affecting the other components of the society like economic, education, and health care.

START Programs Defined :: essays research papers

The Impact That the START Treaties Have On Public Safety Have you ever thought about a nuclear bomb hitting Wichita? What could we do to prevent this from happening? There have been several attempts to rid the world of nuclear threat. None of these attempts has actually prevailed to the lofty goal of unilaterally removing the threat of nuclear war. Seemingly, the unilateral limitation of nuclear arsenals would be a good idea. To begin, I need to define terms in layman’s to reveal the total meaning of this topic. Each delivery system has a different range. Inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) have the farthest range of 13,000 kilometers, whereas, submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) can only reach as far as 12,000 kilometers (Friedman). Unilateral action means that each separate side will act identically. If Russia disassembles 100 ICBMs then the United States has to disassemble 100 ICBMs to create equality. The bloc of treaties designed to assure the unilateral reduction of nuclear arms is the strategic arms reduction treaty (START). The START treaties have three sections; each designed to reduce the number of specific nuclear weapons. I will discuss each version of START in order to show what influence it will have on global safety. START I set the groundwork to begin the gradual decline of nuclear weapons for the United States and the Soviet Union. Each party had approximately 10,000 nuclear weapons of various ranges (Friedman). Under START I the number of total nuclear weapons deployed will unilaterally be reduced to a total not to exceed 6,000 warheads (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace). Which is a step in the right direction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both the United States and Russia signed the START I treaty on July 31, 1991 (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace). Although the Soviet Union dissolved around this time, the four countries that remained ratified the treaty. START I entered into force on December 5, 1994, when the five treaty parties exchanged instruments of ratification in Budapest (Kimball). START II continued to reduce the number of deployed nuclear warheads to a total to 4,250 per party (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace). This second treaty further limited the number of ICBMs and SLBMs that can be deployed with nuclear warheads. START II was signed on January 3, 1993 in Moscow (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace).

Managing Change in Organisations

Master of Business Administration Assignment Programme Title: University of Wales MBA (Project Management) Student Full Name: Raji Shakirudeen Damilare Student STU number: STU32417 Student Email Address: [email  protected] com Module Name: Managing Change in Organisations Word Count: 4273 words Submission Deadline: 16 July, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERPAGE CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1 – TASK 1 3 – 5 * Introduction3 * Nature and Scope of Change3 * Major Drivers of Change4 CHAPTER 2 – TASK 26 – 10 * Key Issues and Challenges6 * Action plan 9 CHAPTER 3 – TASK 311 – 14 * Change implementation 11CHAPTER 4 – Task 415 – 16 * Change success 15 * Conclusion 16 REFERENCES 17 CHAPTER 1 TASK 1 1. 00INTRODUCTION Background: Operational wastes come with a lot of cost and it is generated in many forms within an operational system. The intention of any profit making organisation is to maximize customer’s values and yet minimize the waste. Aim and Structure: The assignment will identify areas that will be compelled by the Total performance management TPM as an improvement to the existing system. It will analyse the key contents and benefits of TPM implementation.It does also seek to outline the scope of the change, dealing with key issues and providing actions plans using relevant models. The assignment will evaluate the change models application during the implementation phase, measure in milestones the change success and provide adequate feedback on success recorded. 1. 10NATURE AND SCOPE OF CHANGE Meeting production targets will not be enough anymore to judge production performance if records of customer complaints, rework or defects, overproduction, over processing, delayed inventory, human and equipment breakdowns, administrative delays caused by the bureaucratic setup and low team spirit.Total performance management TPM is an effective performance pillar with nine key components that is designed to completely re-eng ineer the system, integrate functions and take functional expertise into the value creation process. In particular, it is focused on supporting frontline personnel and frontline leaders to eliminate operational waste that will guarantee the optimization of all manufacturing and production processes. The TPM pillar descriptors to be used are: 1. Autonomous Maintenance: This pillar aims to improve equipment reliability through equipment care. . Planned Maintenance: This is a step by step process for improving facility maintenance. 3. Education and Training: This pillar enhances focused knowledge and capability building. 4. Focused Improvement: This pillar provides a structured method to identify and prevent problems. 5. Early Management: This pillar is directed towards the development, design and implementation of new technology and strategy that will cope with the future. 6. Quality Maintenance: This pillar aims to create a system incapable of producing quality defects. . Office: Thi s pillar focuses on ensuring LEAN and error free business processes. 8. Safety Health Environment: This pillar aims to ensure elimination of unsafe behaviours and conditions. 9. LEAN Factory: This pillar focuses on LEAN Thinking specifically applied to logistics management. NCE Introduction (2009, pg 8) 1. 20MAJOR DRIVERS OF CHANGE Key drivers of change are listed and described as follows: Improved Production performance: Production performance is greatly affected by incessant machine and human breakdown.It will be necessary to implement a comprehensive shift management programme and strategic maintenance management system to improve the system. Re-engineered Inventory management: Factory inventory tracking system has been poorly managed, thereby impacting on consumables and spare parts management. Maintenance management system is undermined or sometimes ignored as a result of poor inventory control. Inventory management needs to be re-structured to speed up the existing system proc esses, by providing an effective system application tracking software that will eliminate the threat of delay and low productivity.Optimizing logistical management: Raw materials stock management continues to be affected by late deliveries and poor stock management system. Production plans are disrupted, production volumes are not met and consumers are faced with products scarcity. Early management is required and implementation of a comprehensive system application tracking software that will re-structure the logistical management system to cope with increasing activities. Minimised operational cost: Defected products are separated during production and routine quality checks.Products are also return from markets for quality reasons, thereby resulting to rework and reprocessing which will increase the operational cost of producing a product more than ones. Total quality management strategy will be required at the shop floor. Customer delight: Series of customer complaints have been recorded on products defect, short counting, late delivery and products scarcity. Scarcity provides the advantage to competitors to fill the vacuum created by our ineffectiveness and poor operational management. Market growth:Market projection have shown a steady 10 % annually increase, which means that the total business will be tripled in the next 10 years (MBS, 2009). This forecast has proven to be realistic and achievable from the growth trend recorded in the past ten years. NCE document (2009) Total performance management system will enhance manufacturing and production performance, positioning us for the future opportunity. Excel in compliance: Factory’s existing quality, safety and environment system standards and guidelines are currently managed independently.As these systems are interrelated, they will be integrated into a single management system. This will allow a simplified process for compliance, auditing and improved focus on the specific compliance aspects. Go vernment policies must be fully adhered to enjoy an enabling environment and imbibe best practices within the organisation. Creating Competitive advantage: Part of the main drivers of change is the presence of a strong competitor that is working hard to take over the market. In the modern world of advanced technology, trade secrets cannot be the only advantage that must be possessed.All competitive gaps that are created must be closed by ensuring availability of quality products to the market, delighting consumers at affordable price. Improved marketing strategy will be appropriate. CHAPTER 2 TASK 2 2. 00KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES This chapter is expected to identify and define major issues and challenges that have resulted to the generation of operational waste. The cause and effect analysis (Fishbone diagram) will be adopted to define the major problems, brainstorming will be achieved applying the affinity chart that will help categorise related issues and identify the major causes of the problem through Pareto.Problem Definition: Operational wastes have been recorded in so many forms across all major departments. Waste is not anymore limited to tangible and physical objects, but has spread deeply into key aspects of daily operations. Failure to meet production target is a major waste, which can result to increasing production cost, products scarcity and quality issues hereby posing a huge risk to the system. Brainstorming What are the major causes of Operational waste that have been identified in the system?Collective ideas are highly needed at this stage of problem solving, where key players with common objective brainstorm and come up with pool of ideas or suggestion that could lead to the actual cause of operational waste. After a long brainstorming session and thorough investigation, the change management team have come up with list of possible causes of operational waste generated from log sheets across the departments. The group contains different memb er from different school of thought, which have resulted to the initial generation of a large list of possible causes of the challenge.The list was streamlined at random and major possible causes where picked and listed in the table below; System Failure| Lack of operational knowledge| Increased production cost| Customer compliant| Rework / Defects| Production targets failure| Weak quality management system| Lack LEAN mindset| Poor logistics management| Poor inventory management| Ageing equipments| Low production output & performance| Raw material variation| Finished product late delivery| Poor production output| Manual operations| Poor maintenance management system| Less commitment & Engagement| Defected products| Equipment Breakdowns| Safety issues| Poor communication| Poor mindset / Behaviour| Network disruption & Failure| Figure 2. 0. 01 Random selection of major problems The Affinity diagram will help regroup and sort listed problems into related categories in the 6Ms format as illustrated below; People Machinery Ageing Equipment Low production output Poor operational knowledge Less commitment Low production performance Safety issues Poor production output Poor communication Poor mindset / Behaviour Manual operation Equipment breakdown Material Raw material variation Rework / Defect SystemPoor logistics management Production target failure Late delivery of finished products Checks / Control Poor maintenance management Network disruption Weak quality management Increased production cost Process System failure Lack of LEAN mindset Defected / Rejected products Customer complaint Poor inventory management Figure 2. 0. 02 Affinity chart for Operational waste Identify major causes: The problems illustrated in the affinity chart in figure 2. 1. 01, shows a list of possible causes of the problem, categorising them into key six major categories that could be the summary of the possible causes of the problem.The cause and effect diagram will provide a clearer pictu re and additional insight to further link the possible problems from respective sources showing the potential primary and secondary source of the problem, based on the findings of the change team. The major problems have been clearly identified and linked into various sources in a cause and effect diagram as shown in figure 2. 1. 02 below, it is imperative to analyse further the frequency of occurrence of these problems using Pareto. The referring log sheet shows the rate of recurrence of some problems more than the other and clearly defines the effect on daily operations. Figure 2. 0. 03 Cause and Effect diagram for operational waste Figure 2. 0. 4 Pareto chart for operational waste Referring to the Pareto chart above in figure 2. 1. 03, it shows clearly that â€Å"low production output† and â€Å"production target failure† have occurred more frequently than â€Å"low production performance† and others with same frequency of occurrence. The occurrence of most o f the listed problems seem on the high side and needed to be treated as such, having recorded low incidence on problems like â€Å"manual operation†, â€Å"raw material variation† and â€Å"network disruption† which should not be underrated, has it is assumed that most of the major problems recorded could have triggered them as remnants.This invariably indicates that when the bigger problems are completely resolved, it takes care of the ones with low occurrence. The machinery category is the highest contributor of the operational waste, ranging from the machine condition to operations, but seconded by the people category that have in actual sense contributed the largest share of the problems that have made the system unhealthy. Checks, system and process category have their own share in terms of occurrence recorded, this makes it difficult to ignore any of the listed problems no matter how little, because it could develop to a complex and epidemic challenge that will take longer time to solve.Operational waste action plan Prepared by: Change management team. Summary: Operational waste has been generated across the 6 categories of challenges recorded in the organisation, translating clearly the areas that require swift response to change and improvement. The problem solving techniques adopted have identified the root cause of the operational waste and the major area that requires concentration. It is imperative to prepare an action plan to tackle the listed challenges. Solution: The main goal is to implement Total performance management TPM into all functions as the solution to operational waste. 2. 10ACTION PLAN Goals| Measures| Responsible| Target Date|To provide a unique maintenance strategy (Autonomous and planned maintenance). | Perform daily operational review at the shop floor, weekly operational review at the management level to track improvement and report achievements. Report weekly maintenance plan and execution. Measure line per formance and efficiency against set target. | OperationsOperationsManagement| January, 2013January, 2013January, 2013| To lay more emphasis on personnel training and development. | Get training feedback from trainees. Subject trainees to knowledge checks and exercises. Track personnel improvement against line performance. Use performance evaluation to appraise personnel. | HR| January, 2013| To improve in quality management system. Provide in-line quality checks system. Record defects and investigate the root cause. Embark on monthly market visit. Record batch sampling quality. Communicate quality status monthly. | Quality assurance| January, 2013| To be safety conscious at all time| Commence SHE observation and report area weekly safety status. Perform random safety checks. Carryout monthly safety drill to check and re-communicate awareness. | Operation / Management| January, 2013| To introduce early management approach. | Provide detailed template on early management programming. Provide feedback from early management plan and communicate the achievement on implementation. Management| April, 2013| To implement LEAN thinking, system and mindset. | Outline system layout in LEAN concept and map out areas according to compliance. Track awareness level in all staff. Check LEAN mindset reflection in reporting and follow-up. Report cost saving from LEAN implementation. | Operation / Management. | July, 2013| To focus more on continuous improvement. | List areas of continuous improvement, outline changes and business advantage. Compare changes â€Å" before and after†Track improvement progress against global objectives. | Operation / Management. | November, 2013| Fig 2. 1. 01 Action plan for the implementation of TPM CHAPTER 3 TASK 3 3. 0 CHANGE IMPLEMENTATION Change implementation requires strategic and logical approach which can only be analysed using basic change management models that clearly describes the steps to effective implementation of change. The change implementation will be evaluated in more than one change management model to better outline the model that will be more effective to this particular change implementation. Kurt Lewin and John Kotter models of change management will be critically evaluated as the options for the implementation of TPM. The models will be compared to properly decide on the best option the managers can adopt during implementation.Kurt Lewin Model: Lewin (1951) Model gives simpler overview of change implementation, although it is assumed that conditions exist because of competing forces that are in equilibrium. To effect any change, the force must be adjusted. Cited by F. Ashton Blog (2010) Change or Transitional Refreeze Unfreeze Lewin model comes in 3 stages namely; unfreeze, change or transition and refreeze. The idea is focussed at the implementation of change in an organisation that is already accustomed to a particular mindset and ideology. Existing mindset, ideology, system, attitude and pe rformance TPM fully integrated as a guide to excellent performance. Implementation of Total performance management Fig 3. 0. 1 Lewin Change model Kotter Model: Kotter’s (1996) 8 steps model of change is a top down approach that provides a wider range for change implementation. This change model is linear and it predicts the change processes in steps that identify core areas that should never be neglected if a change where to be effective. Fig 3. 0. 02 Kotter Change model Source: The Change Management Blog (2009) Model Comparison At the first stage of Lewin’s model of change, leadership comes up with the unfreeze strategy that will alter or disengage the existing system practices.It targets the root cause of the problem, by providing the best assumption using the force field analysis to factor out the pros and cons before considering implementation. Unfreezing is carried out at the leadership level, based on assumptions from the analysis. Unlike the first stage in Kot ter’s model that clearly emphasise on the need to first establish a sense of urgency from top-down, by carrying along all members of staff from the inception of the change implementation, sharing with them the reason change is necessary at the time and also help to identify the protagonist and antagonist to the change. Although the force field analysis applied in unfreezing stage also consider the driving and refraining force for the change, but it is clearly based on assumptions.The Kotter’s model starts change communication from the first step of implementation, where preliminary information have been provided for all to brainstorm about, not streamlining it only to the leadership. The second step is aimed at constituting a powerful coalition that will form the formidable, experienced and result focussed change management team. Rather, in Lewin’s model change management team are selected are at earlier stage based on management’s decision. Creating a vi sion for change is the third step in Kotter’s model, where all the ideas, thoughts and brainstorming that have been collected by the change management team are streamlined and integrated into company’s objectives and vision. Perhaps no idea is foolish and the collective enquiry to solve major issues gives employee the sense of ownership and esponsibility towards achieving the collective goal. Lewin’s model distorts an existing system with the intention of introducing or improving a system. This idea and vision comes from the management, who have practically analysed the major problems based on their experiences and knowledge of the company’s objectives. The transition stage, which is Lewin’s second stage for change modelling provides the actual implementation of change. This stage is the roll out phase of change to all employees â€Å"official launching†. This stage seems to be the hardest as the existing ideology, mindset and processes are unfrozen either to extinguish or modify to a new system.The fear of the unknown and resistance may be recorded. That is why Kotter and Lewin emphasise more on communication at this stage. Communication becomes the tools for change campaign. At this stage continuous training and coaching is very key to acceptability and embrace. Kotter identifies communication as a day to day affair and ensuring that antagonist are converted and the supporters are maintained and developed to live the change. Lewin’s transition stage encompasses communication in all forms. Perhaps might take more time than anticipated to achieve the level of acceptance needed, it requires consistent coaching and training to get the buy-in of all employees.Kotter insist that after communication have been initiated, though it is a continuous process but will definitely meet some deadlocks, ranging from the unacceptability, fear of the unknown, structures that do not support the change and the vision. The fifth st age identifies the major deadlocks and provides the right approach to solving them. Lewin’s transitional stage give a lot of room for neglect of some major deadlock identification, hereby living some elements like virus behind, that could develop to catastrophe in the future or even hinder this change process. Lewin’s last stage is the refreezing stage, stability establishment is the main objective once the change has been effected and accepted as part and parcel of the system. The intention is to strengthen and reinforce the change implementation, allowing for full integration by all functions.The new change is freeze and continues to monitor progress of implementation, bearing in mind that change will be continuous and can never be permanent. Theoretically, Lewin target the adjustment of the force field to adequately buy-in employees to acceptance and embrace of the change. The change is integrated into the company’s structure and system and refreezes as the n ew outlook of the organisation. Part of the reason the Lewin’s model could take more time to be fully integrated is the lack of comprehensive practical application that influence acceptance. It is important to target a feedback mechanism that will encourage a swift change embrace.Kotter’s sixth step encourages the need to create a short-term wins that will motivate employees further. Employees deserve first hand information on the benefits recorded so far to elevate their confidence and also management to gain more support from all. The best way is to set milestones where employee’s achievements can be celebrated and recognised. Kotter believes in continuous improvement, that is his main model in the seventh step. Change cannot be cast on stone that will not require further improvement; it requires building upon to achieve maximum effectiveness. The short-term win has various advantages, part of it is the opportunity to see other areas that need improvements and explore other options to achieving set objectives.Lewin’s refreeze does not show the required detail to record areas of further improvement, because the mindset of the employee already fixed on the refreeze syndrome. Managers should consider the Kotter’s model as it also adopts the concept of refreezing, but in a different manner. He believes that when change is stick completely into the system, it should become parts and parcel of the organisation, like a revised constitution that have been adopted, but requires further improvements. It re-emphasises the need to continuously maintain the support of the management and all employees to avoid falling back to the initial problem. TASK 4 CHAPTER 4 4. 00 CHANGE SUCCESSTo assess change management effectiveness, leadership needs to focus on measuring the progress of the change implemented to ensure they are moving on the right direction. To achieve this effective implementation, milestones and measure are required to effecti vely measure the progress and performance of the change. The performance measures are categorised in 7 stages namely: 1. Internal Performance Assessment. When change is assumed to be completely implemented, the organisation needs to be certain of these assumptions. The reason they involve an independent internal audit team to track change implementation progress, using the qualitative and quantitative monitoring approach in determining the level of compliance.Employee change appraisal survey is forwarded to all functions to get the right feedbacks. Individual functions will be audited and informed of areas that still require more attention, compliance and improvements. At this stage, the organisation is certain of the level of compliance and areas that requires more concentration before the pre-assessment and full assessment that will be carried out by external auditors. This usually takes about 3 months before pre-assessment. 2. Performance Assessment. It is important that a pre-as sessment is done after the first nine month of change implementation to effectively measure the level of compliance and adherence to the new change.The outcome of each pre-assessment must define the status of the change as to â€Å"what the goals are â€Å", â€Å"where we are now† and â€Å"where we are going†. The pre-assessment must also measure individual progress using a five-level commitment scale to monitor the commitment level of employees during implementation and then choose specific strategies to help individuals progress through the five levels. Level 1: Awareness: Measure the level of awareness in all functions. Level 2: Acceptance: Measure level of acceptance. Level 3: Application: Measure skill level of employees. Level 4: Adoption: Measure level of adoption and reflection in employee’s daily activity. Level 5: Advocacy: Share and accept feedback amongst employees.The full assessment (gate opening) will be done six month after pre-assessment cer tification and correction of other identified areas of improvement and a yearly post-assessment will also be carried out. 3. Perform Customer Satisfaction Survey This is the next step of assessment performance provide a gauging mechanism to monitor customer satisfaction as a tool to benchmark with acclaimed internal operational success. Feedback is vital from the customers and are closely monitored, recorded and acted upon immediately. This is a continuous exercise. 4. Measure the Volume of Defects We cannot hide from the fact that perfection is nearly impossible, but we must put measures in place to track and check level of amount of rework or defected recorded compare difference with the previous system.System must be in place to ensure that defects are be recorded as they occur and subjected to root cause analysis to check if we still maintain residual problems and follow is the rectification. Key performance indicator KPI is to see reducing trend in the volume of defects generat ed over a period of time, showing the percentage of improvement. 5. Measure the Volume of Failed Changes When measuring success rate of changes being implemented, we must be able to define â€Å"what is† and â€Å"what is not† a successful change, and the criteria being used for each definition. SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and timely) criteria must be in place where changes are reviewed for success.The KPI is to see the level of compliance increasing, showing the percentage of improvement. 6. Measure the Services Performance Service performance is wide to measure in one piece, so functions shall have a different KPI to measure their performances which is then cascaded to the organisation. Internal and external auditors perform assessment exercise to check impact on indicators, compliance and adherence to the operational documents. 7. Calculate the Return on Investment The main purpose for the implementation of Total performance management is to de light our customers, create competitive advantage and enhance operational performance. The change implementation comes with cost and it must also beget remarkable financial benefits.We must measure and record the saving generated across all functions. Source: Mark, S (2008, pp 2-8) 4. 01 CONCLUSION To reduce operational waste to an acceptable state, the introduction of Total performance management is the solution. We have defined the major causes and the possible solution to be implemented. Solution comes with measures and deadlines, if achieved will provide the positive benefit that is targeted. The benefits from change implementation are targeted to continuously meet company’s objectives in delighting customer’s satisfaction, creating competitive advantage and compliance. The objective is to maximise profit at the best minimum cost.Measure, milestone and deadlines are in place, which are guided by the application of renowned change management models to ensure the rig ht approach to introducing a new change conforms to the company’s culture and objectives. Effective application of the control and monitoring mechanism to track effective transition as illustrated in change measures have enabled the changes to be effective. We have tracked and recorded minor deficiencies which are a result at the acceptance stage of TPM have since been resolved. Positive feedbacks received from customers and remarkable records of decreased customer complaints, because of the new quality management check in-house that has guided quality production output. REFERENCES Woolnough, M. , 2009. Glossary for Nestle continuous excellence NCE document, Nigeria Pg 2 – 3 Ashton, F. , 2010. Lewin Model (K. Lewin, 1951).Available from: http://www. ashtonfourie. com Blog (Accessed 6 July 2012) Kotter, J. , 1996. Leading Change. Available from: http://www. mindtools. com (Accessed 6 July 2012) Mark, S. , 2008. Measuring success- Ideas on how to show that real benefits are being delivered, Fox IT, Pg 2 – 8 Holger, N. , 2009. Change Model 3: John Kotter's 8 Steps of Leading Change. Available from: http://www. change-management-blog. com (Accessed 13 July 2012) Lewin Model. Available from: http://www. change-management-coach. com. (Accessed 6 July 2012) Nestle continuous excellence NCE Introduction VI. 6. Available from: http://www. intranet. nestle. com/NCE (Accessed 6 July 2012)

Explore and compare the romantic relationships in the...

Explore and compare the romantic relationships in the play; Beatrice and Benedick, Claudio and Hero The theme of love is the fundamental premise in this play. Shakespeare has shrewdly created two relationships intertwining and unfolding throughout the play that contrast with each other dramatically and comically. The story of Beatrice and Benedick takes centre stage in the play and because of there witty and extroverted personalities we immediately warm towards them. Hero and Claudio however are more conservative in nature making their relationship more acute and serious. Both relationships are so diverse they are easy to compare with each other. The relationship between Claudio and Hero†¦show more content†¦Benedicks character has two main sections to it. His persistent witty courtier and the tedious tactic of disparagement towards love. He constantly refers to love, his dislike of women and the fact that he will remain a bachelor for the rest of his life. Claudio on the other hand likes the idea of falling in love and constantly talks and thinks about Claudio. I find it ironic that Claudio is the one who relentlessly talks of his love of Hero, but then later disregards her without question, and it is Benedick who has sworn himself away from love and women who later declares his deep love for Beatrice. Beatrice and Benedick are indubitably the most interesting and well liked characters in the play. A bond is created between the reader and Beatrice and Benedick because of there realistic and pragmatic nature. The reader can relate to these two characters better than anyone else in the play. Beatrice comes across as being witty, intelligent, energetic but lonely. We establish that from an early age she has been the orphaned cousin who seems to be on the outside of many things. However her position and character allows Beatrice a freedom to be extreme in a way that Hero cannot. From the opening scene we can see that the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick is a complex oneShow MoreRelatedThe Character of Bendick in Much Ado About Nothing Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesExplore the Development of Benedicks character throughout the play. The character ‘Benedick changes dramatically throughout Shakespeares Much Ado about Nothing. It is the character ‘Beatrice who invokes these changes into Benedick. At the beginning of the play Benedick appears to be an aristocratic soldier who is witty and intelligent. It is clear Benedick has a reputation as a noble soldier and brave man merely from the messengers comments: He hath done good service, lady, in these warsRead MoreLove in Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare Essay2260 Words   |  10 PagesShakespeare Shakespeare is well known for presenting the full repertoire of human emotions, and love is no exception. Much Ado About Nothing is unquestionably a play about love. Shakespeare provides the audience with a whole gamut of lovers from the banal Claudio and Hero to the rebellious Beatrice and Benedick. It is this range which allows Shakespeare to critique the conventions and perceptions within his renaissance society This variance in love and lovers also serves